Table 1 Bacterial infections associated with tobacco smoking.

Nasopharyngeal and respiratory pathogens (such as S. pneumonia, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, L. pneumophila)

2.5 (1.1–6.0) [4]

Group A streptococcus sore throat

-

Legionnaires disease

3.6 (2.1–5.8) [5]

Cystic fibrosis

Increased severity on smoke exposure[134, 138]

Pneumonia

2.6 (1.9–3.5)[22, 137]

Tuberculosis

1.8 Light [29]

3.2 Moderate [29]

3.7 Heavy [29]

4.1 (2.4 to 7.3) Active [2]

2.5 (1.2 to 5.1) Secondhand [2]

Meningococcal carriage

2.2 (1.0–4.8) Light [38]

7.2 (2.3–22.9 Heavy [38]

Bacterial vaginosis

2.7 [44]

Periductal mastitis

6.2 (2.9–13.4) [131]

Helicobacter pylori

1.9 (1.4–2.5) [51]

Periodontitis

3.3 (2.3–4.5) Light [132]

7.3 (5.1–10.3) Heavy [132]

Ulcerative colitis

0.6 (0.4–0.8) [70]

Crohn's disease

3.6 (2.5 – 5.0) Active [130]

2.0 (1.3 – 3.3) Secondhand [135]

Otitis media

4.2 (1.5–11.9) Secondhand [133]

Surgical infections

1.2 (1.1, 1.3) [136]