From: Correlates of smoking among youth: the role of parents, friends, attitudes/beliefs, and demographics
 | Survey I (n = 2200) | Survey II (n = 2203) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | % Very low | % High | N | % Very low | % High | N |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  <14 | 21.8 | 5.9 | 762 | 21.1 | 6.4 | 731 |
 14–15 | 14.5 | 19.2 | 697 | 13.3 | 19.0 | 804 |
 16> | 12.0 | 23.7 | 726 | 10.6 | 24.2 | 654 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Female | 14.7 | 15.2 | 1077 | 15.1 | 17.6 | 1118 |
 Male | 17.8 | 16.8 | 1123 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 1085 |
Race/Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 White | 15.8 | 16.9 | 1815 | 14.3 | 16.6 | 1352 |
 African American | 15.6 | 9.2 | 109 | 17.8 | 12.9 | 309 |
 Hispanic | 13.9 | 18.3 | 115 | 15.0 | 17.1 | 467 |
 Other | 22.3 | 10.1 | 148 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 63 |
Parent characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Mother’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  College Grad | 17.2 | 13.5 | 1332 | 15.3 | 14.9 | 1298 |
  Some college | 19.2 | 19.5 | 365 | 15.9 | 16.4 | 415 |
  HS Grad | 12.4 | 19.2 | 355 | 13.0 | 20.8 | 355 |
  Less than HS | 7.9 | 28.1 | 89 | 7.8 | 22.1 | 77 |
 Parent who smokes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No | 19.4 | 7.6 | 1733 | 15.6 | 14.1 | 1770 |
  Yes | 13.5 | 25.3 | 467 | 12.5 | 25.4 | 433 |
Family engagement | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Avg times eat evening meal together |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   <3 | 12.9 | 24.3 | 519 | 13.4 | 24.2 | 491 |
  3–5 | 15.0 | 14.4 | 848 | 14.1 | 16.7 | 842 |
  6> | 19.8 | 12.5 | 815 | 19.0 | 15.9 | 857 |
 Avg times do something w/ parent just for fun |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   <2 | 16.5 | 20.1 | 740 | 12.6 | 24.0 | 641 |
  2–4 | 15.1 | 13.3 | 1814 | 17.8 | 17.4 | 1195 |
  5> | 26.2 | 13.0 | 262 | 19.8 | 8.5 | 343 |
Parent monitoring | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No. best friends parents know well |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  0–1 | 15.2 | 22.7 | 290 | 14.7 | 21.3 | 272 |
  2 | 12.3 | 17.8 | 472 | 12.9 | 21.7 | 498 |
  3 | 14.5 | 16.4 | 488 | 11.9 | 15.4 | 421 |
  4 | 19.4 | 13.0 | 947 | 17.2 | 12.7 | 992 |
 No. best friends parents parents know well |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  0–1 | 11.9 | 24.3 | 573 | 12.7 | 24.4 | 561 |
  2 | 15.5 | 17.8 | 651 | 12.7 | 17.7 | 648 |
  3 | 17.5 | 15.0 | 481 | 16.5 | 11.7 | 401 |
  4 | 20.9 | 7.7 | 492 | 18.1 | 10.5 | 580 |
 Your parents tell on friend |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No | 8.7 | 40.7 | 241 | 8.0 | 38.4 | 289 |
  Not sure | 12.2 | 23.1 | 402 | 11.1 | 20.7 | 135 |
  Yes | 18.4 | 10.4 | 1556 | 16.4 | 12.4 | 1772 |
 Friend’s parents tell on you |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No | 11.0 | 44.8 | 145 | 8.8 | 45.4 | 194 |
  Not sure | 12.5 | 24.8 | 407 | 10.0 | 27.5 | 120 |
  Yes | 17.7 | 11.3 | 1647 | 15.9 | 12.6 | 1886 |