From: Experimental animal models for COPD: a methodological review
Induce. | Animal | Method | Measured parameters | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TR | Path | Infl | ||||
Cigarette | Mice | - 2 × 75 min/day, 5 day/week, for 1–12 weeks | ✓ | [1] | ||
- 2 × 30 min/day, 3 consecutive days, whole body exposure | [26] | |||||
-12 Cig × 2 × 50 min/day, 5 day/week, for 8–24 weeks, whole body exposure | ✓ | C | [30] | |||
-150 ± 15 mg/m3 CS of TSP, 4 h/day, 5 day/week, whole body exposure | ||||||
-150 mg/m3 CS of TPM, 3 h/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months | [136] | |||||
- 5 Cig (12 mg of tar, 0.9 mg of nicotine, without filter) × 4/day, 30 min rest, 5 day/week, for 24 weeks | ✓ | [118] | ||||
-250 and 500 mg/m3 CS of TPM, 2 × 50 min/day, 3 consecutive days, nose only and whole body exposure | M | [22] | ||||
- 5/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months | [142] | |||||
- 5 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months, whole body exposure | ✓ | C | [29] | |||
- 150 ± 15 mg/m3 CS of TSP, 4 h/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months | [143] | |||||
- 12 Cig × 2 × 75 min/day, 5 day/week, for 1–12 weeks, nose only exposure | ✓ | C/M | [32] | |||
- 3 Cig (with filter), 5 day/week, for 6 months, nose only exposure | ✓ | C | [33] | |||
- 10 Cig (without filter), 512.6 mg/m3 CS of TPM, 2 × 35 ml puffs/min, 50 min/day, 5 day/week, for 22, 24, 45 days, nose only exposure | C | [34] | ||||
- 3 Cig (12 mg of tar, 0.9 mg of nicotine)/day, 5 day/week, for 4 or 7 months | In vivo | [120] | ||||
-103.36 ± 1.09 mg/m3 CS of TPM, 2 × 70- cm3 puffs/min, 6 h/day, 7 day/week, whole body exposure | [31] | |||||
Rat | -8 Cig (14 mg of tar, 1.2 mg of nicotine, 15 mg of CO) × 2 × 30 min/day, 3–4 h interval between them, for first 2 weeks and 15 Cig (14 mg of tar, 1.2 mg of nicotine, 15 mg of CO) × 3 × 30 min/day, 3–4 h interval between them, from the third to the twelfth week | ✓ | M | [2] | ||
-12 Cig (10 mg of tar, 0.8 mg of nicotine, 10 mg of CO, with filter) × 3 | ✓ | [37] | ||||
-20 Cig × 2/day, 4–5 h interval between them, for 4 months | ✓ | C | [38] | |||
- 80–90 mg/m3 CS of TSP, 1 × 35 ml puffs (2-s duration)/min, 6 h/day, 3 day/week, for 3 days or 4 weeks or 12 weeks, whole body exposure | ✓ | [39] | ||||
- 10 min/day, for 7 weeks | [40] | |||||
-1 × 35 ml puffs (2-s duration)/min, 6 h/day, 3 day, whole body exposure | C | [41] | ||||
-Cig (25 mg tar, 1.4 mg nicotine) × 2 × 1 h/day, 7 day/week, for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 weeks | ✓ | C | [42] | |||
Guinea pig | -1–5 Cig (5 mg nicotine, 6 mg tar, with filter), 2 × 20 ml puffs/Cig/min, 8–9 min/Cig/day, 10 min interval between cigarettes, 5 or 6 day/week, for 3 consecutive months, nose only exposure | In vitro | ✓ | C/M | ||
-1–5 Cig (5 mg nicotine, 6 mg tar, without filter), 2 × 20 ml puffs/Cig/min, 8–9 min/Cig/day, 10 min interval between cigarettes, 5 or 6 day/week, for 3 consecutive months, nose only exposure | In vitro | ✓ | ||||
-4 Cig (5.3 ± 0.1 mg/l concentration of CS), 30 min/day, 7 day/week | [144] | |||||
-10 Cig, 2 × 20 ml puffs/min, 8–9 min/Cig/day,10 min rest, for 1–60 days | ||||||
- 10 Cig (without filter)/day,5 day/week, for1–12 months | [44] | |||||
- 7 Cig (without filter)/day, 5 day/week, for 3–6 months | ||||||
-5 Cig/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months | ||||||
- 2 h/day, 5 day/week, for 24 weeks | ||||||
Dog | -2–7 Cig (0.27 mg tar, 3.25 mg nicotine, without filter)/day, 2 × 35 ml puffs/Cig/20 s, 7 day/week, for 2–4 months | [62] | ||||
-12 Cig/day, 7 day/week, for 5 months | [150] | |||||
-10 Cig (20 mg tar, 1.2 mg nicotine, without filter)/day, 2.5 h/day, 5 day/week, for 6 or 10 months | ||||||
Monkey | - 6 h/day, 5 day/week, for 7 months | ✓ | C | |||
LPS | Mice | -IN 0.3 mg/kg of LPS, animals were killed 24 h after the challenge to LPS | [26] | |||
- IN 7 μg of LPS, 1 day/week, for 4 consecutive weeks | ✓ | C | [77] | |||
- intrapulmonary instillation, 0.5 mg/kg; volume =100 μL of LPS | M | |||||
Guinea pig | -IN 200 mL of LPS (5 mg/mL in sterile saline), twice/week, for 12 consecutive weeks | ✓ | [69] | |||
-IN 100 μL of LPS (10 mg/ml in sterile saline), twice/week, for 12 consecutive weeks | ✓ | C | ||||
Rat | - aerosolized LPS, 30 min/day | ✓ | C/M | [81] | ||
Elastase | Mice | - IN 1.2 U of PPE, 1 day/week, for 4 consecutive weeks | ✓ | C | [77] | |
- IT 2 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 100 μl saline | [95] | |||||
Rat | - IT 28 U of PPE/100 g body wt | [96] | ||||
- IT 55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.5 ml saline | ✓ | [97] | ||||
- IT 0.55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.7 ml or 0.3 ml of 0.15 M NaCl | M | [98] | ||||
Hamster | - IT 55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.3 ml saline | [97] | ||||
- IT 0.55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.7 ml or 0.3 ml of 0.15 M NaCl | M | [98] | ||||
Combination Inducers | Mice | - IN 1.2 U of PPE, on day 1 and IN 7 μg of LPS on day 4, for 4 consecutive weeks | ✓ | C | [77] | |
Rat | -2 × 30 min/day exposure to CS, for 2 days and on 3 day exposure to aerosolized LPS for 30 min; 5 h after LPS exposure, exposure to CS for 30 min | C/M | [81] |