Table 3 Cessation studies – program contents
Investigators | Theoretical guide | Modalities | #Sessions |
|---|---|---|---|
Ary et al. | Social influence-oriented prevention | Classroom program, three parent messages, videos | 10 |
Aveyard et al. | Stages of change model – normative/ipsative feedback, smoking pros/cons; control-information on health | Three computer expert system lessons and three classes | 6 |
Baskerville, Hotte, Dunkley | Contingency-based, quit-and-win contest contingent on smoke free month, buddy support, chemical addiction | System-wide, school-based contest and self-help materials, youth signed up from 10 high schools | NA |
Bauman et al. | Motivation enhancement, parenting, modeling, social influences | Family-directed, through mail and phone calls | NA (5 booklets, 15 activities) |
Beaglehole et al. | Social influence and health belief model versus standard care fear information and discussion | Classroom program with films | NR (semester course) |
Biener et al. | Supply reduction: $0.25 excise tax | System-wide, state-wide reaction to price increase | NA |
Chakravorty | Substitution (chemical addiction) and education | School clinic | 2 |
Charlton | Cognitive-behavioral – "Packing it in?" | School clinic or self-help | 6 |
Cinnomin, Sussman | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences, chemical addiction | School clinic | 6 |
Colby et al. | Brief motivation enhancement-oriented | Medical hospital clinic | 1 |
Coleman-Wallace et al. | Stages of change – TEG and TAP; cognitive-behavioral | Mostly school clinic, videos, cooperative learning | 8 |
Corby et al. | Contingency-based, 1-week contingency management ($40) | CO measurement at a medical-type clinic | NA |
Digiusto | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences | School clinic | 6 |
Dino et al. | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences, chemical addiction | School clinic; single-gender groups led by same-gender facilitator; brief intervention – 20 minute quit advice and self-help material | 12 |
Eakin, Severson, Glasgow | Cognitive-behavioral, coping skills – 4 As | At Oregon Research Institute, school-like clinic, small group meetings, 2–3 counselors, videos | 3 |
Etter, Ronchi, Perneger | Supply reduction, policy, information campaign, self-help | System-wide, smoke-free areas, posters, leaflets, self-help quit manuals at part of university | NA |
Fibkins | Recovery/addiction, student assistance counseling model, recovery concepts: "Five Hour a Day" | School clinic with counselor and nurse | 6 |
Forster et al. | Supply reduction; make youth tobacco access a salient issue, change ordinances, change retailer and parent practices, enforcement of sale laws | System-wide, community organizer teams, group presentations, letter and petition drives, meetings with community leaders and retailers, media campaigns, purchase attempts | NA |
Glasgow et al. | Brief motivation enhanced-oriented and follow-up support phone calls | Medical-like planned parenthood clinic, short video, brief counseling, 1–3 phone calls | 1–2 |
Glover | Cognitive-behavioral-ACS Fresh Start | College/school clinic | 2 |
Goldberg, Gorn | Motivation enhancement, personal involvement to help younger youth | College classroom program, films, advertisement analysis, social influence texts, discussion | ~16 |
Greenberg, Deputat | Affect-oriented, fears, facts or values | School clinic, films | 7 |
Hafstad, Aaro, Langmark | Motivation enhancement, cognitive consistency – popular opinions and being a smoker | System-wide, newspaper ads, poster, 1 TV and cin ema spot; home-mailed questionnaires | NA |
Horn et al. | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences, chemical addiction | School clinic; single-gender groups led by same-gender facilitator; brief intervention – 20 minute quit advice and self-help material | 14 |
Horswell, Horton | Social influence – Canadian Cancer Society's Fresh Start Program | School clinic: "Pack in Those Smokes" | 3 |
Hotte et al. | Cognitive behavioral-consequences, coping with withdrawal | School clinic: "Quit 4 life" | 7 |
Hurt et al. | Chemical addiction, brief 4A's intervention: advice to quit, self-help material | Medical clinic; nicotine patch use | 7 (1 advice 6 patch checks |
Jason, Mollica, Ferrone | Social influence, immediate and long-term consequences of smoking | Classroom program | 6 |
Jerome | Chemical addiction, gradual with-drawal, self-help cognitive-behavioral guide | Hand-held computer, weekly support meetings at high school | 8 |
Johnson et al. | Social influence and short-term consequences/long-term consequences; public commitment in both conditions | Classroom program, videos | 4 |
Kempf, Stanley | Supply reduction, smoke-free policy versus no regulation of smoking outside the building | More a medical clinic context, residential therapeutic community drug treatment programs | NA |
Killen et al. | Social influence, social-cognitive/increase attractiveness of 4 health practices | Classroom program | 20 |
Lampkin | Stage of change, some addiction and mo tivation enhancement | School based health center (medical context) | 4 |
Librett | Cognitive-behavioral, alter tobacco use expectancies, build self-efficacy | School clinic | 6 |
Lotecka, McWhinney | Cognitive-behavioral, coping | School clinic | 4 |
Matson-Koffman, Miller | Contingency-based, quit and win/tobacco free teens, contest, chemical addiction, phone counseling | School clinic | 8 |
McDonald, Roberts, Deeschaemaker | Therapeutic community and "I quit" derived, adult cessation & recovery concepts | Medical, inpatient treatment | 5 |
Mills, Ewy, Dizon | Stages of change-pre-contemplation, social influence, contract with buddy control | School clinic | 8 |
Murray, Prokhorov, Harty | Social influences-oriented | System-wide, higher taxes on tobacco, school-based with smoke-free campuses and education, mass-media campaign on TV and radio and newspapers and billboards, and local community grants | NR |
Myers, Brown | Recovery oriented | Medical, inpatient treatment – generalization to cigarettes | NA; 28 – not tobacco |
Myers, Brown, Kelly | Motivation enhanced, with cognitive-behavioral and social influence material | Medical, outpatient treatment – at three facilities | 6 |
Pallonen | Stages of change | Computer assisted | 3 |
Patten | Cognitive-behavioral, chemical addiction, social influence | Medical clinic consultation, telephone and mail follow-up | 2 |
Patterson | Cognitive behavioral-similar to f resh start | School clinic | 6 |
Pendell | Stages of change – TEG and TAP | Mostly school clinic, videos, cooperative learning | 16 |
Perry et al. | Comprehensive social influences | Prevention and cessation in classroom program, films, self-monitoring | 4 |
Perry et al. | Comprehensive social influences, prevention component oriented | Prevention in senior high school classroom, films, self-monitoring | 3 |
Peters | Cognitive behavioral-consequences, coping with withdrawal | System-wide, self-help quit kit "Quit 4 life", call a toll free number to request kit | NA |
Peterson, Clark | Social influence, group decision to cut down | School clinic | 3 |
Popham et al. | Social influence, health and social consequences, society's disapproval, profit motivation of tobacco industry | System-wide, TV, radio, outdoor and print media. 13 general audience ads, 2 youth-focused ads | NA |
Prince | Cognitive behavioral | School clinic | 6 |
Quinlan and McCaul | Stages of change-pre-contemplation (costs and benefits), action (quit techniques and quit date) | Brief university clinic-two activities and take home materials | 1 |
Rigotti et al. | Supply reduction, enforcement of no-sales laws to minors | System-wide, health department distributed written information to vendors and penalized noncompliance; minors attempted to purchase tobacco from vendors, surveys | NA |
Skjoldebrand, Gahnberg | Addiction model | Medical, 1 public dental clinic: interviews and advice about tobacco, waiting room posters, brochures, and video program, some instruction by dental nurses in a group-information format, referral to tobacco detoxification program offered | NA |
Smith et al. | Addiction model | Medical clinic-like, patch, behavioral counseling with group support-coping, wellness, relapse prevention | 8 |
St.Pierre, Shute, Jaycox | Cognitive-behavioral, I-quit, psychosocial dependency, chemical addiction | School clinic, video | 6 |
Suedfeld et al. | Affect-oriented, SD to "unfreeze" attitudes and permit change | University lab; sensory deprivation (Sensory D) chamber | 1 24 hour Sensory D session |
Sussman, Burton et al. | Cognitive-behavioral, psychosocial dependency and chemical addiction | School clinic, videos | 5 |
Sussman, Dent, Lichtman | Motivation enhancement, with social influences and chemical addiction material | School clinic, school meetings and events in 1 condition | 8 |
Sussman, Dent, Stacy | Motivation enhancement-skills-decision making-chemical addiction | Continuation high school classroom program | 12 |
Townsend et al. | Social influence | Medical, nurse or physician assisted, quit pamphlet, general practice setting | 1 |
Vartiainen et al. | Contingency-based, quit-and-Win lottery (for ~$1,600) | System-wide, through schools, biochemically validated quitting to enter lottery | NA |
Wakefield et al. | Supply reduction: restrictions on smoking at home, school and public places | System-wide, cross-sectional survey; self-reports | NA |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | Substitution (addiction), with coping-oriented material | College clinic | 9 |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | Substitution (addiction), with coping-oriented material | College clinic | 9 |
Zheng | Motivation enhanced, with social influence and addiction | School-based clinic setup in community center | 8 |