From: Cigarette smoking: an important renal risk factor – far beyond carcinogenesis
• Dose-dependent increase of urinary albumin excretion rate/proteinuria in cigarette smokers |
• Dose-dependent increase of the risk of end-stage renal failure in male cigarette smokers of the general population |
• Independent predictor of (micro)albuminuria in patients with primary hypertension |
• Most powerful predictor of renal functional decline in patients with primary hypertension |
• Increased risk of progression of renal failure in patients with primary renal disease |
• In type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: independent risk factor for the onset of microalbuminuria, for progression of microalbuminuria to manifest proteinuria |
(i.e., diabetic nephropathy) and for acceleration of the rate of progression of diabetic nephropathy to end-stage renal failure |
• Increased risk of renal allograft loss |