Relationship between smoking and a new index of arterial stiffness, the cardio-ankle vascular index, in male workers: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 4,729 male Japanese workers in this study between April 2007 and March 2008, according to Smoking Status

	Non-smoker (n = 1,343)	Former smoker (n = 1,479)	Smoker (n = 1,907)
Age (year)	48.5 ± 8.6	51.6 ± 7.5*	48.7 ± 8.1
Body Mass Index	24.3 ± 3.1*	24.3 ± 2.8*	24.0 ± 3.2
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic	121.5 ± 11.5*	122.7 ± 11.1*	118.9 ± 12.1
Diastolic	77.8 ± 8.0*	78.8 ± 7.6*	76.1 ± 8.3
Pulse rate (per minute)	68.9 ± 10.0	69.0 ± 9.8	68.2 ± 9.1
Fasting serum cholesterol (mg/dl)
Low-density lipoprotein	126.0 ± 27.7	125.6 ± 27.7	124.6 ± 30.9
High-density lipoprotein	57.0 ± 13.7*	56.9 ± 14.3*	52.6 ± 13.1
Triglycerides	112.3 ± 1.6*	118.1 ± 1.7*	129.2 ± 1.7
Glucose (mg/dl)	104.3 ± 17.0	108.3 ± 22.7*	105.5 ± 21.5
Hemoglobin A1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.6*	5.5 ± 0.8	5.5 ± 0.8
Alcohol consumption (“go”/week)	3.86 ± 4.7*	6.11 ± 5.5*	5.91 ± 5.9
Number of cigarettes smoked per day		19.4 ± 8.5	19.0 ± 6.5
Under medical treatment (n (%))
High blood pressure	150 (11.2 %)	269 (18.2 %)*	209 (11 %)
Dyslipidemia	86 (6.4 %)	155 (10.5 %)*	125 (6.6 %)
Diabetes mellitus	43 (3.2 %)*	95 (6.4 %)	95 (5 %)

Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%).
The logarithmic mean of triglycerides was examined. High blood pressure was defined as > 140/90 mmHg (Japanese Society of Hypertension: Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension 2009).
Number of cigarettes smoked per day in former smoker: Number of cigarettes smoked per day when they were smokers.
*: p- value < 0.05 compared with smokers by Tukey's t -test or the Chi-square test.

ISSN: 1617-9625