Table 1 Clinical characteristics

Total number (%)

43 (47.8)

47 (52.2)

146 (86.4)

23 (13.6)

-

-

-

-

Age (years)

53.2 ± 16.9

49.4 ± 12.6

51.3 ± 18.3

45.5 ± 12.6

0.54

0.24

0.23

0.15

Body mass index (kg/m²)

22.4 ± 2.8

22.7 ± 3.4

22.6 ± 3.9

21.8 ± 4.1

0.76

0.32

0.62

0.36

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

127.4 ± 24.0

132.3 ± 21.7

125.7 ± 18.8

123.4 ± 14.6

0.62

0.08

0.31

0.58

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

70.8 ± 11.3

74.5 ± 14.6

71.2 ± 12.4

74.3 ± 10.2

0.83

0.94

0.18

0.26

HbA1c (%)

8.4 ± 2.0

8.3 ± 1.7

8.3 ± 2.0

8.7 ± 2.2

0.66

0.34

0.73

0.30

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

189.7 ± 32.1

187.5 ± 41.4

199.1 ± 37.5

197.3 ± 35.9

0.14

0.34

0.78

0.84

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

96.9 ± 60.2

116.2 ± 81.9

94.7 ± 91.3

98.0 ± 58.5

0.88

0.34

0.21

0.87

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

68.2 ± 18.1

67.2 ± 22.1

75.9 ± 19.1

74.3 ± 13.2

0.02

0.16

0.82

0.70

Complication, n (%)

 Retinopathy

24 (55.8)

26 (55.3)

64 (43.8)

11 (47.8)

0.17

0.56

0.96

0.72

 Neuropathy

28 (65.1)

28 (59.6)

86 (58.9)

15 (65.2)

0.46

0.65

0.59

0.57

 Nephropathy

 Normoalbuminuria

25 (58.1)

25 (53.2)

96 (65.8)

14 (60.9)

0.36

0.54

0.64

0.65

 Microalbuminuria

9 (20.9)

9 (19.1)

36 (24.7)

2 (8.7)

0.61

0.26

0.83

0.09

 Overt albuminuria

9 (20.9)

13 (27.7)

14 (9.6)

7 (30.4)

0.04

0.81

0.46

< 0.01