Table 2 Health outcomes of non-smokers exposed to SHS in the home

Accidents

Reading et al. 2008[16]

11,332 families

For maternal smoking vs. non-smoking:

All accidents

RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.12-1.23

<0.01

Medically attended accidents

RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14-1.32

<0.01

Asthma and Related Symptoms

Isle of Wight Birth Cohort

Arshad et al. 2005[17]

1,373

Asthma at age 10 by parental smoking at age 1 vs. non-smoking

OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.15-3.45,

0.014

Wheeze at age 10 by parental smoking at age 4 vs. non-smoking

OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.25-3.81

0.006

Kurukulaaratchy et al. 2003[18]

169

Bronchial hyper-responsiveness at 10 years by parental smoking at age 4 vs. non-smoking

OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.03-6.71

0.04

Kurukulaaratchy et al. 2004[19]

206

Early-onset persistent wheeze at age 10 vs. no parental smoking:

by parental smoking at birth

OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.27-2.77

0.001

by parental smoking at 1 year

OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.39-3.02

<0.001

by parental smoking at 2 years

OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.33-3.00

0.001

by parental smoking at 4 years

OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.52-3.32

<0.001

Kurukulaaratchy et al. 2006[20]

340

Wheeze ever vs. no parental smoking

by parental smoking at 1 years

OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.07-2.22

0.02

by parental smoking at 2 years

OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.21

0.03

by parental smoking at 4 years

OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.25-2.58

0.001

Tariq et al. 2000[21]

1,218

Asthma at 4 years by exposure to SHS in the home in early childhood vs. no exposure

OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.3-2.7

NR

Any allergic hypersensitivity at 4 years by exposure to SHS in the home in early childhood vs. no exposure

OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6-1.6

NR

Other studies

Hennessy et al. 2008[22]

219

Any wheeze at 6 years by exposure at 30 months vs. no exposure

OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.10-3.81

0.024

218

Exercise-induced wheeze at 6 years by exposure at 30 months vs. no exposure

OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.11-4.12

0.022

219

Night cough at 6 years by exposure at 30 months vs. no exposure)

OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.91-2.87

0.098

Murray et al. 2004[23]

369

For mother smoking postnatally vs. non-smoking

Wheeze ever

OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.10-3.38 (adjusted analysis)

0.02

Wheeze in first year

OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.05-3.08 (adjusted analysis)

0.03

Trinder et al. 2000[24]

2996

Severe respiratory symptoms

OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8

NR

Chen et al. 2001[25]

301

Lung function: mean residuals of FEV₁ and FVC

NR

>0.05

Palmer et al. 2006[26]

504

Lung function

NR

>0.05

Gee et al. 2005[27]

95 controls

Difference in indoor pollutant levels between asthma cases and controls

NR

>0.05 for all pollutants

105 cases

Forbes et al. 2007[28]

394 controls

A&E attendance in asthma patients

OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.80-1.58 (adjusted analysis)

NR

1018 cases

Crombie et al. 2001[29]

501 families

Health service contacts for asthma by number of cigarettes smoked by parent per day (compared to 0–5)

6-10

IRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.92

0.0002 for trend

438 children

11-15

IRR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.83

16-20

IRR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61-0.91

>20

IRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.93

Birth weight

Ward et al. 2007[30]

16,756 parents

Mean birth weight (kg) difference between SHS exposed and non-exposed non smoking mothers

crude

NR

<0.001

adjusted

0.025

Bone Characteristics

Macdonald Wallis et al. 2011[31]

3591

TBLH bone area in girls at age 10 by paternal smoking during pregnancy vs. no smoking

NA

0.029 (fully adjusted analysis)

Breast Cancer

Roddam et al. 2007[32]

640 controls, 639 cases

Breast cancer in never smokers

RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.64-1.25

NR

Cognitive Impairment

Llewellyn et al. 2009[33]

4809

Cognitive impairment by cotinine level quartile in non-smoker (compared to lowest quartile):

Second quartile cotinine level

OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.78-1.48

0.02 for trend

Third quartile cotinine level

OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.81-1.56

Fourth quartile cotinine level

OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.07-1.94

Dental Caries

Williams et al. 2000[34]

763

Dental caries

Non-manual occupations (n = 458)

OR 1.96, 1.00–3.85

0.05

Manual occupations (n = 280)

OR 1.55, 1.02–2.35

<0.05

Meningitis Carriage and Disease

MacLennan et al. 2006[35]

13,919

Meningococcal carriage in exposed (n = 5064)

OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.30

0.004

vs. non-exposed (n = 8547)

Coen 2006[36]

144 survivors

Meningococcal disease in adolescents exposed to smokers

OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.0–3.3

0.01

144 matched controls