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Table 2 Waterpipe smoking practices and beliefs among University of Alberta medical respondents

From: Future physicians and tobacco: an online survey of the habits, beliefs and knowledge base of medical students at a Canadian University

  Waterpipe Trend
  Smokers Non-smokers χ2 p-value χ2 p-value
Smoking location n/N % n/N %     
    Shisha/Hookah Café 64/119 53.8 NA      
    Home 16/119 13.4 NA      
    Some other location 39/119 32.8 NA      
Smoking material         
    Tobacco 71/119 59.7 NA      
    Herbal products 51/119 42.9 NA      
    Cannabis 18/119 15.1 NA      
    Don’t know 23/119 19.3 NA      
Smoking tobacco in a waterpipe is less dangerous than smoking a cigarette      3.97 0.55 1.75 0.18
    Strongly disagree 27/119 22.7 48/181 26.5     
    Disagree 37/119 31.1 56/181 30.9     
    Disagree somewhat 19/119 16.0 32/181 17.7     
    Agree somewhat 23/119 19.3 35/181 19.3     
    Agree 10/119 8.4 9/181 5.0     
    Completely agree 3/119 2.5 1/181 0.6     
Smoking tobacco in a waterpipe is not addictive.      21.48 < 0.001 12.4 <0.001
    Strongly disagree 45/119 37.8 77/180 42.8     
    Disagree 34/119 28.6 69/180 38.3     
    Disagree somewhat 17/119 14.3 26/180 14.4     
    Agree somewhat 10/119 8.4 7/180 3.9     
    Agree 11/119 9.2 1/180 0.6     
    Completely agree 2/119 1.7 0/180 0.0     
Smoking herbal products in a waterpipe has no significant consequences to your health.      2.69 0.75 0.44 0.5
    Strongly disagree 40/120 33.3 60/180 33.3     
    Disagree 44/120 36.7 76180 42.2     
    Disagree somewhat 26/120 21.7 32/180 17.8     
    Agree somewhat 6/120 5.0 8/180 4.4     
    Agree 4/120 3.3 3/180 1.7     
    Completely agree 0/120 0.0 1/180 0.6