Table 3 Smoking and the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage: summary of studies
From: Smoking as a Crucial Independent Determinant of Stroke
|  | No. ICH cases (No. in cohort) | No. controls | Smoking Status | RR/OR | 95% CI | Adjustments†| Matching |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case-Control Studies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Gill et al. [12] British Midlands, UK, 1989 | 104 | 573 | Non Smokers | 1.00 | Â | Age, race, social class, alcohol consumption, and treatment of hypertension. | Â |
|  |  |  | Current (Male) | 1.82 | 0.9–3.7 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Current (Female) | 1.30 | 0.5–3.4 |  |  |
Monforte et al. [24] Barcelona, Spain, 1990 | 24 | 48 | Non-smokers | 1.00 | Â | No adjustments. | Age and sex. |
|  |  |  | Current smokers | 1.52 | 0.41–5.57 |  |  |
Jamrozik et al. [17] Perth, Australia, 1994 | 59 | 279 | Never Smoker | 1.00 | Â | Alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, diabetes, previous stroke or TIA, previous MI, adding salt to food, fish consumption > 2 per month. | Sex and age. |
|  |  |  | Ex-smoker | 1.11 | 0.43–2.85 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Current (1–20/day) | 3.17 | 0.92–11.0 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Current (≥ 21/day) | 9.84 | 2.09–46.4 |  |  |
Thrift et al.[39] Melbourne, Australia, 1999 | 331 | 331 | Never | 1.00 | Â | Hypertension, cholesterol, BMI, previous cardiovascular disease, exercise, education level, diabetes, and alcohol. | Age, sex, and neighbourhood. |
|  |  |  | Smokers | 0.96 | 0.63–1.45 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Ever Smokers | 1.07 | 0.63–1.81 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Current Smoker | 0.89 | 0.56–1.42 |  |  |
| Â | Â | Â | Previous Smoker | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Woo et al. [40] Cincinatti, US, 2002 | 188 survivors | 368 | Non-smokers | 1.0 | Â | No adjustments | Â |
|  |  |  | Current Smokers | 1.3 | 0.8–2.0 | All ICH |  |
|  |  |  | Current Smokers | 2.4 | 1.1–5.2 | Lobar ICH |  |
|  |  |  | Current Smokers | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | Non-Lobar ICH |  |
Cohort Studies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kawachi et al. [18] Nurses' Health Study, US, 1993 | 53 (117006 Females) | Rest of Cohort | Never Smokers | 1.00 | Â | Age, hypertension, diabetes, BMI, high cholesterol, oral contraceptive use, HRT, age of smoking commencement, and follow-up period. | Â |
|  |  |  | Past Smokers | 1.24 | 0.64–2.42 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Current Smokers | 1.24 | 0.64–2.42 |  |  |
|  |  |  |    1–14/day | 1.68 | 0.34–5.28 |  |  |
|  |  |  |    15–24/day | 2.53 | 0.71–6.05 |  |  |
|  |  |  |    ≥ 25/day | 1.41 | 0.39–5.05 |  |  |
Kurth et al. [19] US Physicians' Health Study, 2003 | 108 (22022 Males) | Rest of Cohort | Never Smokers | 1.00 | Â | Age, exercise, parental history of MI before age 60, alcohol consumption, and randomized treatment group | Â |
|  |  |  | Past Smokers | 0.80 | 0.54–1.20 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Current (<20/day) | 1.60 | 0.50–5.07 |  |  |
|  |  |  | Current (≥ 20/day) | 2.06 | 1.08–3.96 |  |  |