|
Overall mean
|
4.23 ± 2.66 (Range 0 - 8)
| |
|
Age
| | |
|
18-25 years
|
5.00 ± 2.40
| |
|
26-33 years
|
3.00 ± 2.37
| |
|
34-41 years
|
5.67 ± 2.29
|
0.079
|
|
42-49 years
|
5.43 ± 2.47
| |
|
≥50 years
|
4.31 ± 2.63
| |
|
Race
| | |
|
Malay
|
5.11 ± 2.38
| |
|
Chinese
|
2.94 ± 2.49
|
0.016
|
|
Indian
|
4.50 ± 2.52
| |
|
Others
|
3.50 ± 4.95
| |
|
Occupation
| | |
|
Government
|
6.00 ± 1.63
| |
|
Private
|
4.51 ± 2.49
|
0.289
|
|
Self-employed
|
4.03 ± 2.85
| |
|
Others
|
5.42 ± 2.23
| |
|
Living environment
| | |
|
An urban area
|
4.00 ± 2.93
| |
|
A suburban area
|
4.91 ± 2.47
| |
|
A small town
|
5.13 ± 2.06
|
0.299
|
|
A rural area
|
6.00
| |
|
Marital status
| | |
|
Married
|
4.90 ± 2.66
| |
|
Single
|
4.19 ± 2.30
|
0.355
|
|
Divorced
|
3.50 ± 3.33
| |
|
Others
|
7.00
| |
|
Health status perception
| | |
|
Very healthy
|
0
| |
|
Healthy
|
2.92 ± 3.09
| |
|
Average
|
5.08 ± 2.62
|
0.095
|
|
Unhealthy
|
4.57 ± 2.18
| |
|
Very unhealthy
|
4.00
| |
|
Daily life perception
| | |
|
Very stressful
|
4.25 ± 3.10
| |
|
Somewhat stressful
|
4.97 ± 2.14
|
0.061
|
|
Not too stressful
|
3.89 ± 2.83
| |
|
Not stressful at all
|
6.67 ± 1.75
| |
|
Support the on-going government campaigns against tobacco use
| | |
|
Yes
|
4.63 ± 2.65
| |
|
No
|
3.00 ± 1.00
|
0.574
|
|
Not sure
|
4.50 ± 2.59
| |
|
Truthfulness of tobacco industry to Malaysian people with regards to the health consequences of tobacco
| | |
|
Yes
|
4.27 ± 2.78
| |
|
No
|
5.42 ± 2.34
|
0.098
|
|
Not sure
|
3.96 ± 2.52
| |
|
Age of first time cigarette use
| | |
|
≤13 years
|
3.85 ± 2.48
| |
|
14-15 years
|
5.32 ± 2.26
| |
|
16-17 years
|
3.55 ± 2.81
|
0.328
|
|
18-19 years
|
4.58 ± 2.61
| |
|
≥20 years
|
4.73 ± 2.84
| |
|
Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)
| | |
|
High (7-10)
|
4.55 ± 2.50
| |
|
Moderate (4-6)
|
4.10 ± 2.60
|
0.114
|
|
Minimal (<4)
|
5.65 ± 2.45
| |
|
Previous quitting smoking attempt
| | |
|
Have ever tried quitting
|
4.18 ± 2.71
| |
|
Have been abstinent for more than 6 months
|
7.50 ± 2.12
|
0.018
|
|
Have not tried quitting before
|
4.69 ± 2.45
| |
|
Stage of change
| | |
|
Preparation
|
5.38 ± 2.12
|
0.004b
|
|
Pre-contemplation or contemplation
|
3.73 ± 2.76
| |
