Scratching the surface – tobacco-induced bacterial biofilms

Table 1 Tobacco augments biofilm formation in multiple human pathogens

Bacterium (Gram)	Disease	Stimulus ¹	Study
Klebsiella pneumonia (−)	Chronic rhinosinusitis isolate	Whole smoke	Goldstein-Daruech et al. 2011 [29]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (−)	Nosocomial infections; UTI; respiratory infections including pneumonia	Whole smoke	Antunes 2012 [30]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (−)		Whole smoke	Goldstein-Daruech et al. 2011 [29]
Porphyromonas gingivalis (−)	Chronic periodontitis	CSE	Bagaitkar et al. 2009, 2011 [1,31]²
Proteus vulgaris (−)	Chronic rhinosinusitis isolate	Whole smoke	Goldstein-Daruech et al. 2011 [29]
Staphylococcus aureus (+)	Nosocomial infections; endocarditis; osteomyelitis; respiratory infections	CSE	Kulkarni 2013 [32]
Staphylococcus aureus (+)		CSE	Goldstein-Daruech et al. 2011 [29]
Streptococcus pneumoniae (+)	Pneumonia, bronchitis; endocarditis; meningitis	CSC	Cockeran et al. 2014 [33]
			Mutepe et al. 2012 [34]
			Goldstein-Daruech et al. 2011 [29]
Streptococcus mutans (+)	Dental caries	Nicotine, CSC	Li 2014 [8]³
			Huang et al. 2012 [35]
			Baboni 2010 [36]

¹See references for precise methods of whole smoke exposure, CSE (cigarette smoke extract) or CSC (cigarette smoke condensate) preparation and of biofilm quantification.
Dual species biofilms with S. gordonii ² or S. sanguinis ³.

ISSN: 1617-9625