Factors associated with smoking in immigrants from non-western to western countries – what role does acculturation play? A systematic review

Reiss, Katharina; Lehnhardt, Jessica; Razum, Oliver

doi:10.1186/s12971-015-0036-9

Table 2 Findings of the systematic review

From: Factors associated with smoking in immigrants from non-western to western countries – what role does acculturation play? A systematic review

Factors associated with smoking		Smoking was positively associated with the stated factor among			Studies reporting the association ^#
Factors associated with smoking		Men and women	Men	Women	Studies reporting the association ^#
Acculturation scale		Low vs. high			3
		High vs. low			9
			Low vs. high	High vs. low	1,10,12*
Acculturation with main focus on the following proxy measures:	Proficiency in the language of host country		Low vs. high	High vs. low	11,7,5,6, 8,19
	Length of stay in host country		Short vs. long	Long vs. short	13*,6
	Country of birth ^$		Foreign-born vs. native-born	Native-born vs. foreign-born	7
	Country of smoking initiation	Country of origin vs. host			4,9
	Age at migration	Young vs. old			9
Proficiency in the language of host country ^§			Low vs. high	High vs. low	15,16
Length of stay in host country ^§		Long vs. short			18,21
Length of stay in host country ^§			Short vs. long	Long vs. short	2,16,20,22,23
Country of birth ^§,$		Native-born vs. foreign-born			18,23
Gender		Being male vs. female			All studies except for 5,8,13,19
Educational level		Low vs. high			1,20,21,18,14,7,6,27
Educational level			Low vs. high	High vs. low	19,5,15,16, 2,8,4,22,23,24,25
Employment		No vs. yes			18,27
		Yes vs. no			21,10
			Yes vs. no		11,13
Age		Young vs. old			1,14,10,26,27
Age			Young vs. old		2,13,11,19
Income		Low vs. high			7,18
Income			Low vs. high		5,2
Religion			Not religious vs. religious		20,16*
Marital status		Non-married vs. married			20,14,7,18,6,27
Marital status			Non-married vs. married		8*
Self-assessed health status		Poor vs. good			27
Pre-migration life events			Exposed vs. non-exposed	Non-exposed vs. exposed	20
Post-migration life events			No association	Exposed vs. non-exposed	20
Social support			Satisfied vs. not satisfied	No association	20
Alcohol consumption		Yes vs. no			6
Alcohol consumption			Yes vs. no		13,8,16*
Knowledge of tobacco risks			Low vs. high/moderate		11*
Knowledge of cancer warning signs			No vs. yes		15*
Perceived risk of smoking-related diseases			High vs. low		5*
Blood check and/or physical checkup			No vs. yes		8*
Source of health care			Non-western vs. western		15*
Role model smoking			Yes vs. no		19,5
Depression score			Higher vs. lower		19*
Regular exercise			Less vs. more		19*
Health insurance			Not available vs. available		11,19
Geographical area of origin (in country of origin)			Rural vs. urban		19*

^#Studies are presented as numbers, further information on studies is specified in Table 4.
*Indicates studies that either restricted their highest statistical method or the study population in general to men only.
^$Only applicable to studies that investigated foreign- and native-born migrants.
^§Variables that were included in the studies without linking them to acculturation. Thus, the respective variable is listed separate from acculturation.

Back to article page

ISSN: 1617-9625

Contact us

General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com

Tobacco Induced Diseases

Contact us