Table 3 Acculturation measures used in the studies included for the review
Study* | Acculturation measure (proxy variable) | Were proxy measures explicitly used to measure acculturation? | Acculturation measure (scale) |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Primary language, percentage of life lived in USA | Yes | Community and acculturation identification measure (21 items); two main constructs: cultural fluency and cultural orientation (to assess country of origin or US identification) |
2 | Length of stay | No | |
3 | MAAS scale (Male Arab-American Acculturation) (8 items); two main constructs: separation and assimilation & integration and marginalisation | ||
4 | Country of smoking initiation | Yes | |
5 | Length of stay, self-perceived ethnic/cultural identity, language proficiency (English, Tagalog) | Yes | |
6 | English language used at home, length of stay | Yes | |
7 | English language proficiency, length of stay, country of birth | Yes | |
8 | English language proficiency, language used at home, language used with friends, length of stay | Yes | |
9 | Age at migration, country of birth, country of smoking initiation | Yes | Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (4 items) |
10 | The Suinn-Lew Asian self-identity acculturation to US society scale (education and length of stay added here) | ||
11 | English language used at home, reading of English newspapers | Yes | |
12 | Linguistic acculturation scale for Southeast Asians (7 items); two main constructs: English language proficiency, Chinese language proficiency | ||
13 | Length of stay | Yes | |
14 | Legal immigrant status, length of stay | No | |
15 | English language proficiency | No | |
16 | Length of stay, English language proficiency | No | |
17 | Length of stay, age at migration | Yes | |
18 | Length of stay, country of birth | No | |
19 | English language proficiency | Yes | |
20 | Length of stay | No | |
21 | Length of stay | No | |
22 | Length of stay | No | |
23 | Length of stay, country of birth | No | |
24 | Social contacts with the host population, years of immigration | Yes | |
→ only used to characterise the study population, no further consideration | |||
25 | Years lived in host country before age of 16 | No | |
→ only used to characterise the study population, no further consideration | |||
26 | None | ||
27 | None | ||