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Table 2 Association between smoking and dying from respiratory diseases among deceased adults (n=3,492)

From: A retrospective analysis of the association between tobacco smoking and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Kassena-Nankana districts of Northern Ghana

Variable

Unadjusted

P-value #

*Adjusted

P-value #

OR (95% CI)

 

OR (95% CI)

 

Smoking status

    

Smokers

2.31 (1.9-2.9)

<0.001

2.18 (1.6-2.9)

<0.001

Non-smokers

1

 

1

 

Age group

    

15-29

1

 

1

 

30-49

1.8 (1.2-2.7)

<0.001

1.35 (0.8-2.0)

0.002

50-59

2.63 (1.8-3.9)

 

1.99 (1.3-3.0)

 

Sex

    

Female

1

 

1

 

Male

1.51 (1.2-1.9)

0.006

0.98 (0.7-1.3)

0.904

Education

    

No education

1.49 (0.9-2.2)

   

Primary/JSS

1.52 (1.0-2.3)

0.117

NS

NS

Secondary/tertiary

1

   

Place of residence

    

Rural

1.64 (1.1-2.3)

0.007

1.44 (0.9-2.2)

0.081

Urban

1

 

1

 

Socio-economic status

    

Poorest

1.61 (1.1-2.5)

 

1.31 (0.8-2.1)

 

Poorer

1.62 (1.1-2.5)

0.009

1.26 (0.8-2.0)

0.216

Poor

2.0 (1.3-3.0)

 

1.54 (0.9-2.4)

 

Less poor

1.29 (0.8-2.0)

 

1.08 (0.7-1.7)

 

Least poor (rich)

1

 

1

 
  1. #Overall p-value.
  2. NS – Not significant in bivariate analysis.
  3. *Adjusted for age, sex, place of residence and wealth index in separate models.
  4. Missing categories were not included in the regression models.