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Table 3 Association between smoking and dying from cardiovascular diseases among deceased adults (n = 3,492)

From: A retrospective analysis of the association between tobacco smoking and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Kassena-Nankana districts of Northern Ghana

Variable

Unadjusted

P-value #

*Adjusted

P-value #

OR (95% CI)

 

OR (95% CI)

 

Smoking status

    

Smokers

1

 

1

 

Non-smokers

1.02 (0.8-1.3)

0.817

1.16 (0.9-1.5)

0.246

Age group

    

15-29

1

 

1

 

30-49

2.58 (1.6-4.3)

<0.001

2.59 (1.7-4.9)

<0.001

50-59

5.45 (3.3-8.9)

 

5.51 (3.1-9.2)

 

Sex

    

Female

1.11 (0.9-1.4)

0.357

NS

NS

Male

1

   

Education

    

No education

1.58 (1.2-2.0)

 

1.21 (0.9-1.6)

 

Primary/JSS

1

0.004

1

0.080

Secondary/tertiary

1.70 (1.2-2.4)

 

1.49 (1.0-2.2)

 

Place of residence

    

Rural

1

 

1

 

Urban

1.32 (0.9-1.8)

0.058

1.44 (1.1-1.9)

0.020

Socio-economic status

    

Poorest

1.09 (0.8-1.6)

   

Poorer

1.08 (0.8-1.5)

   

Poor

1

0.151

NS

NS

Less poor

1.22 (0.9-1.7)

   

Least poor (rich)

1.56 (1.1-2.3)

   
  1. #Overall p-value.
  2. NS – Not significant in bivariate analysis.
  3. *Adjusted for age, sex, place of residence and wealth index in separate models.