Characteristics | Smokers | Nonsmokers | P value* |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 1256) | (n = 4094) | ||
Age (mean ± SD) | 46.3 ± 13.9 | 45.9 ± 13.5 | 0.315 |
Sex (n, %) | 0.256 | ||
Male | 377 (30) | 1161 (28) | |
Female | 879 (70) | 2933 (72) | |
Ethnicity | 0.625 | ||
Caucasian | 1072 (85.4) | 3517 (86.0) | |
Hispanic | 15 (1.2) | 41 (1.0) | |
African American | 19 (1.5) | 78 (1.9) | |
Undisclosed | 150 (11.9) | 458 (11.1) | |
Marital status | 0.743 | ||
Married | 786 (63.6) | 2546 (63) | |
Single/Divorce | 449 (36.4) | 1487 (39) | |
Residence | 0.705 | ||
Minnesota | 503 (40.1) | 1663 (40.7) | |
Non Minnesota | 752 (59.9) | 2425 (59.3) | |
Years of education | 14.9 ± 8.4 | 14.5 ± 3.0 | 0.918 |
Currently employed | 196 (15.6) | 743 (18.1) | 0.042 |
Pain duration, years | 9.7 ± 10.2 | 9.8 ± 10.6 | 0.763 |
Primary pain site | 0.738 | ||
Fibromyalgia | 239 (19.0) | 700 (17.1) | |
Low back | 317 (25.2) | 1030 (25.2) | |
Headache | 117 (9.3) | 438 (10.7) | |
Generalized | 132 (10.5) | 439 (10.7) | |
Abdominal | 97 (7.7) | 315 (7.7) | |
Neck | 92 (7.3) | 269 (6.6) | |
Lower extremity | 92 (7.3) | 326 (8.0) | |
Face | 30 (2.4) | 122 (3.0) | |
Upper extremity | 63 (5.0) | 213 (5.2) | |
Other | 77 (6.2) | 242 (5.9) |