From: Perceptions of harm from secondhand smoke exposure among U.S. adults, 2009–2010
Combustible only | Noncombustible only | Combustible & Noncombustible | No tobacco use | Overall | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 5648) | (n = 297) | (n = 441) | (n = 38,074) | (n = 44,460) | ||||||
Characteristics | % | AOR (95 % CI)b | % | AOR (95 % CI)b | % | AOR (95 % CI)b | % | AOR (95 % CI)b | % | AOR (95 % CI)b |
Overall | 47.9 (46.2–49.5) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 62.1 (54.3–69.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 40.7 (35.6–46.0) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 76.5 (75.6–77.3) | 1.00 | 67.3 (66.5–68.0) | e |
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 45.1 (42.6–47.7) | 1.00 | 59.6 (51.0–67.6) | 1.00 | 40.6 (35.1–46.2) | 1.00 | 70.3 (68.4–72.2) | 1.00 | 58.7 (57.2–60.2) | 1.00 |
Female | 50.8 (48.7–52.9) | 1.3 (1.1–0.5) | 77.3 (61.5–87.9) | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) | 42.1 (27.4–58.4) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 79.2 (78.4–80.1) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 72.8 (72.0–73.6) | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) |
Age (years) | ||||||||||
18–24 | 55.2 (50.5–59.8) | 1.00 | 70.5 (49.5–85.4) | 1.00 | 44.3 (34.6–54.4) | 1.00 | 74.5 (71.6–77.1) | 1.00 | 66.3 (63.9–68.7) | 1.00 |
25–44 | 53.8 (51.0–56.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 59.3 (47.2–70.4) | 0.4 (0.2–1.2) | 37.9 (31.0–45.2) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 78.0 (76.4–79.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 68.8 (67.4–70.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
45–64 | 39.8 (37.5–42.1) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 59.9 (48.1–70.6) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 39.0 (28.7–50.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 75.8 (74.6–77.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 64.6 (63.4–65.7) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
≥65 | 33.8 (29.7–38.3) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 65.1 (45.4–80.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 55.9 (34.9–74.9) | 1.7 (0.7–4.3) | 76.0 (74.6–77.4) | 1.1 (0.0–1.4) | 70.0 (68.5–71.4) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 41.8 (40.0–43.5) | 1.00 | 59.6 (51.2–67.6) | 1.00 | 35.2 (30.1–40.8) | 1.00 | 73.0 (72.1–73.8) | 1.00 | 62.6 (61.8–63.4) | 1.00 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 60.4 (56.0–64.7) | 2.1 (1.7–2.6) | 64.1 (37.1–84.4) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 69.4 (45.4–86.1) | 6.3 (2.2–8.1) | 83.1 (80.8–85.3) | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 76.3 (74.2–78.3) | 2.0 (1.7–2.3) |
Asian, non-Hispanic | 48.0 (33.4–63.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | e | e | 12.6 (1.3–61.4) | 0.2 (0.0–3.4) | 82.7 (73.8–89.1) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 78.3 (70.7–84.3) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) |
AI/AN, non-Hispanic | 53.9 (43.4–64.0) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | d | 0.2 (0.0–2.1) | d | 1.33 (0.6–3.1) | 81.1 (71.0–88.3) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 65.0 (58.4–71.0) | 1.5 (1.1– 2.0) |
NH/PI, non-Hispanic | 58.2 (39.6–74.8) | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) | e | e | 65.1 (17.3–94.3) | 2.9 (0.4–21.0) | 76.2 (59.7–87.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 70.4 (58.5–80.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
Non-Hispanic, multirace | 47.5 (36.4–58.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | d | 0.6 (0.1–3.5) | d | 2.9 (0.7–11.9) | 80.4 (73.2–86.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 66.5 (60.2–72.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
Non-Hispanic, other | 57.9 (36.7–76.6) | 1.7 (0.7–4.1) | 96.5 (75.5–99.6) | 50.9 (5.0–514.6) | 78.5 (35.3–96.1) | 8.2 (0.3–202.5) | 86.7 (72.8–94.1) | 2.3 (1.0–5.6) | 74.8 (63.6–83.5) | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) |
Hispanic | 63.8 (56.8–70.3) | 1.9 (1.4–2.7) | 86.3 (45.4–98.0) | 7.8 (0.6–109.8) | 96.7 (85.7–99.3) | 3.3 (1.4–7.8) | 82.7 (79.5–85.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 77.3 (74.3–80.1) | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) |
Education | ||||||||||
0–12 years (no diploma) | 56.5 (51.9–61.0) | 1.00 | 73.5 (59.0–84.2) | 1.00 | 45.3 (32.7–58.5) | 1.00 | 77.9 (74.5–81.0) | 1.00 | 68.8 (66.1–71.4) | 1.00 |
GED | 50.4 (42.7–58.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | d | 0.6 (0.1–3.8) | 49.3 (28.8–70.0) | 1.8 (0.7–4.6) | 73.7 (65.9–80.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 59.2 (53.8–64.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
High school graduate | 44.7 (41.8–47.6) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 68.3 (54.4–79.6) | 0.7 (0.3–2.0) | 36.9 (29.1–45.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 75.3 (73.5–77.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 64.7 (63.2–66.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
Some college (no degree) | 45.3 (41.8–48.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 48.3 (28.3–68.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 41.9 (30.8–53.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 75.7 (73.8–77.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 66.0 (64.3–67.7) | 0.9 (0.74–1.0) |
Associate degree | 49.3 (45.4–53.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 39.7 (22.3–60.3) | 0.1 (0.0–0.5) | 34.4 (23.9–46.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | 79.1 (77.4–80.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 69.5 (67.8–71.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
Undergraduate degree | 41.0 (37.2–44.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 58.6 (36.8–77.5) | 0.5 (0.1–1.8) | 40.7 (26.3–57.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.6) | 75.7 (74.2–77.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 68.9 (67.5–70.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Graduate degree | 40.4 (34.7–46.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | d | 0.1 (0.0–0.7) | d | 1.0 (0.3–3.3) | 76.6 (75.0–78.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 71.6 (69.9–73.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
Marital status | ||||||||||
Married/partnered | 48.4 (46.1–50.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 95.4 (89.7–98.0) | 2.0 (0.9–4.1) | 41.2 (34.0–48.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 76.7 (75.7–77.8) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 68.6 (67.6–69.6) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) |
Single/separated/ divorced or widowed | 47.4 (45.0–49.7) | 1.00 | 94.0 (88.5–97.0) | 1.00 | 40.3 (33.2–47.7) | 1.00 | 76.1 (74.7–77.5) | 1.00 | 65.6 (64.4–66.8) | 1.00 |
Annual household income | ||||||||||
<$20,000 | 53.7 (49.8–57.4) | 1.00 | 63.7 (54.5–71.9) | 1.00 | 40.3 (27.2–55.0) | 1.00 | 81.2 (78.8–83.4) | 1.00 | 69.2 (67.0–71.3) | 1.00 |
$20,000–$49,999 | 47.9 (45.3–50.6) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 60.1 (46.7–72.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) | 37.4 (29.6–45.8) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 76.4 (74.7–78.0) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 66.2 (64.8–67.6) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
$50,000–$99,999 | 42.3 (39.2–45.5) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 62.1 (54.3–69.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | 47.7 (38.0–57.5) | 1.8 (0.9–3.8) | 75.7 (74.4–77.0) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 66.8 65.5–68.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
≥$100,000 | 44.5 (39.3–49.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 77.5 (59.8–88.8) | 0.3 (0.1–1.2) | 30.9 (19.6–45.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 74.8 (73.0–76.5) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 67.4 (65.5–69.2) | 0.9 (0.7–0.9) |
Unspecified | 58.2 (50.1–66.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | d | 0.2 (0.0–0.8) | 60.6 (39.2–78.6) | 2.6 (0.9–7.3) | 75.3 (71.2–79.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 70.8 (67.1–74.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
U.S. region indicator | ||||||||||
Northeast | 49.2 (45.7–52.8) | 1.1 (0.9– 1.4) | 68.6 (46.8–84.4) | 3.2 (0.8–12.9) | 45.1 (31.6–59.4) | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 76.2 (74.6–77.8) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 68.4 (66.9–70.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
Midwest | 43.6 40.4–46.8) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 56.1 (40.6–70.6) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 32.6 (23.3–43.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 73.3 (71.8–74.8) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 63.1 (61.6–64.5) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
South | 48.4 45.8–50.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 64.8 (53.6–74.5) | 2.2 (0.8–6.2) | 42.0 (34.6–49.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 76.9 (75.5–78.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 67.2 (65.9–68.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
West | 50.5 46.0–54.9) | 1.00 | 59.5 (39.5–76.7) | 1.00 | 45.0 (32.7–58.1) | 1.00 | 78.9 (76.7–81.0) | 1.00 | 70.5 (68.5–72.5) | 1.00 |
Sexual orientation | ||||||||||
Heterosexual/straight | 47.7 46.0–49.4) | 1.00 | 62.0 (54.1–69.4) | 1.00 | 41.3 (36.2–46.7) | 1.00 | 76.4 (75.5–77.2) | 1.00 | 67.2 (66.5–68.0) | 1.00 |
LGBT | 47.3 (39.1–55.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 80.4 (4.5–97.0) | 1.5 (0.1–21.1) | d | 0.2 (0.0–1.1) | 74.6 67.5–80.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 60.7 (55.2–66.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
Unspecified | 63.7 (41.4–81.3) | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) | d | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | 81.9 (41.8–96.6) | 8.1 (1.2–56.3) | 83.3 (76.8–88.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 80.2 (73.5–85.5) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
Children ≤17 years old living in household | ||||||||||
Yes | 56.7 (53.9–59.4) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 66.1 (54.9–75.8) | 2.0 (1.1–4.0) | 42.8 (35.0–51.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 79.1 (77.7–80.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 71.5 (70.2–72.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) |
No | 41.4 (39.4–43.4) | 1.00 | 58.9 (48.1–68.9) | 1.00 | 38.9 (32.3–45.9) | 1.00 | 74.6 (73.5–75.6) | 1.00 | 64.1 (63.2–65.1) | 1.00 |
Population coverage of smoke-free lawsc | ||||||||||
100 % state laws | 48.7 (46.4–51.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 65.3 (52.1–76.5) | 2.9 (1.1–7.4) | 37.3 (29.8–45.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 77.0 (75.9–78.0) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 68.1 (67.1–69.2) | 1.1 (1.1–1.3) |
20–99 % state laws | 48.4 (44.0–52.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 69.3 (56.6–79.7) | 3.2 (1.2–8.3) | 39.0 (27.3–52.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 78.5 (76.1–80.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 69.2 (67.1–71.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
1–19 % state laws | 47.5 (43.2–52.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 51.8 (30.2–72.7) | 1.3 (0.5–3.6) | 40.2 (27.8–54.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 75.0 (72.3–77.5) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 65.4 (63.1–67.6) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
0 % state or local laws | 45.2 (42.0–48.5) | 1.00 | 57.7 (43.3–70.9) | 1.00 | 48.1 (38.4–57.9) | 1.00 | 73.6 (72.0–75.2) | 1.00 | 64.0 (62.5–65.5) | 1.00 |