Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and exposure to social and environmental cues by tobacco use, MP and EOD assessments (N = 205)

From: Tobacco cues in India: An ecological momentary assessment

 

MP tobacco use

EOD tobacco use

 

Total

No

Yes

 

Total

No

Yes

 
  

N (%)

N (%)

P

 

N (%)

N (%)

P

  

136 (66.3)

69 (33.66)

  

128 (62.4)

77 (37.56)

 

Agea

24.99 (6.15)

24.81 (6.07)

25.35 (6.33)

0.55

Agea

24.99 (6.15)

26.34 (6.80)

< 0.05

Sex

 Male

135 (65.85)

80 (58.82)

55 (79.71)

< 0.01

135 (65.85)

79 (61.72)

56 (72.73)

0.11

 Female

70 (34.15)

56 (41.18)

14 (20.29)

70 (34.15)

49 (38.28)

21 (27.28)

Education level

  < College degree

133 (65.84)

89 (66.92)

44 (63.77)

0.65

133 (65.84)

88 (69.84)

45 (59.21)

0.12

  ≥ College degree

69 (34.16)

44 (33.08)

25 (36.23)

69 (34.16)

38 (30.16)

31 (40.79)

Employment status

 Employed

58 (28.29)

34 (25.00)

24 (34.78)

0.27

58 (28.29)

32 (25.00)

26 (33.77)

0.34

 Unemployed

28 (13.66)

21 (15.44)

7 (10.14)

28 (13.66)

17 (13.28)

11 (14.29)

 Student

119 (58.05)

81 (59.56)

38 (55.07)

119 (58.05)

79 (61.72)

40 (51.95)

Car ownershipb

 No

78 (39.00)

51 (38.06)

27 (40.91)

0.70

78 (39.00)

50 (39.68)

28 (37.84)

0.80

 Yes

122 (61.00)

83 (61.94)

39 (59.09)

122 (61.00)

76 (60.32)

46 (62.16)

Saw others using tobacco (in one’s group)

 No

154 (75.12)

127 (93.38)

27 (39.13)

< 0.001

106 (51.71)

93 (72.66)

13 (16.88)

< 0.001

 Yes

51 (24.88)

9 (6.62)

42 (60.87)

 

99 (48.29)

35 (27.34)

64 (83.12)

 

Saw others using tobacco (in one’s view)

 No

117 (57.07)

93 (68.38)

24 (34.78)

< 0.001

88 (42.93)

66 (51.56)

22 (28.57)

< 0.01

 Yes

88 (42.93)

43 (31.62)

45 (65.22)

 

117 (57.07)

62 (48.44)

55 (71.43)

 

Saw visual cues of tobacco use

      

 No

86 (41.95)

68 (50.00)

18 (26.09)

< 0.01

65 (31.71)

57 (44.53)

8 (10.39)

< 0.001

 Yes

119 (58.05)

68 (50.00)

51 (73.91)

 

140 (68.29)

71 (55.47)

69 (89.61)

 

Smelled olfactory cues of tobacco use

 No

42 (20.49)

42 (30.88)

0 (0.00)

< 0.001*

61 (29.76)

54 (42.19)

7 (9.09)

< 0.001

 Yes

163 (79.51)

94 (69.12)

69 (100.00)

 

144 (70.24)

74 (57.81)

70 (90.91)

 

Saw pro-tobacco messages

 No

89 (43.41)

73 (53.68)

16 (23.19)

< 0.001

150 (73.17)

110 (85.94)

40 (51.95)

< 0.001

 Yes

116 (56.59)

63 (46.32)

53 (76.81)

 

55 (26.83)

18 (14.06)

37 (48.05)

 

Saw anti-tobacco messages

 No

48 (23.41)

38 (27.94)

10 (14.49)

< 0.05

85 (41.46)

70 (54.69)

15 (19.48)

< 0.001

 Yes

157 (76.59)

98 (72.06)

59 (85.51)

 

120 (58.54)

58 (45.31)

62 (80.52)

 

Saw restrictions of tobacco use

 No

24 (11.71)

13 (9.56)

11 (15.94)

0.179

Not Available

 Yes

181 (88.29)

123 (90.44)

58 (84.06)

 
  1. *The significance level was obtained from the Fisher’s exact test due to small data cell
  2. aAge (years) reported in mean and standard deviation (range = 18 to 38, medium years = 22)
  3. b N = 200; five missing