Table 1 Different method used for induction of animal model of COPD and various measured parameters in each model

Cigarette

Mice

- 2 × 75 min/day, 5 day/week, for 1–12 weeks

✓

[1]

- 2 × 30 min/day, 3 consecutive days, whole body exposure

[26]

-12 Cig × 2 × 50 min/day, 5 day/week, for 8–24 weeks, whole body exposure

✓

C

[30]

-150 ± 15 mg/m³ CS of TSP, 4 h/day, 5 day/week, whole body exposure

[27, 28]

-150 mg/m³ CS of TPM, 3 h/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months

[136]

- 5 Cig (12 mg of tar, 0.9 mg of nicotine, without filter) × 4/day, 30 min rest, 5 day/week, for 24 weeks

✓

[118]

-250 and 500 mg/m³ CS of TPM, 2 × 50 min/day, 3 consecutive days, nose only and whole body exposure

M

[22]

- 5/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months

[142]

- 5 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months, whole body exposure

✓

C

[29]

- 150 ± 15 mg/m³ CS of TSP, 4 h/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months

[143]

- 12 Cig × 2 × 75 min/day, 5 day/week, for 1–12 weeks, nose only exposure

✓

C/M

[32]

- 3 Cig (with filter), 5 day/week, for 6 months, nose only exposure

✓

C

[33]

- 10 Cig (without filter), 512.6 mg/m³ CS of TPM, 2 × 35 ml puffs/min, 50 min/day, 5 day/week, for 22, 24, 45 days, nose only exposure

C

[34]

- 3 Cig (12 mg of tar, 0.9 mg of nicotine)/day, 5 day/week, for 4 or 7 months

In vivo

[120]

-103.36 ± 1.09 mg/m³ CS of TPM, 2 × 70- cm³ puffs/min, 6 h/day, 7 day/week, whole body exposure

[31]

Rat

-8 Cig (14 mg of tar, 1.2 mg of nicotine, 15 mg of CO) × 2 × 30 min/day, 3–4 h interval between them, for first 2 weeks and 15 Cig (14 mg of tar, 1.2 mg of nicotine, 15 mg of CO) × 3 × 30 min/day, 3–4 h interval between them, from the third to the twelfth week

✓

M

[2]

-12 Cig (10 mg of tar, 0.8 mg of nicotine, 10 mg of CO, with filter) × 3

✓

[37]

-20 Cig × 2/day, 4–5 h interval between them, for 4 months

✓

C

[38]

- 80–90 mg/m³ CS of TSP, 1 × 35 ml puffs (2-s duration)/min, 6 h/day, 3 day/week, for 3 days or 4 weeks or 12 weeks, whole body exposure

✓

[39]

- 10 min/day, for 7 weeks

[40]

-1 × 35 ml puffs (2-s duration)/min, 6 h/day, 3 day, whole body exposure

C

[41]

-Cig (25 mg tar, 1.4 mg nicotine) × 2 × 1 h/day, 7 day/week, for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 weeks

✓

C

[42]

Guinea pig

-1–5 Cig (5 mg nicotine, 6 mg tar, with filter), 2 × 20 ml puffs/Cig/min, 8–9 min/Cig/day, 10 min interval between cigarettes, 5 or 6 day/week, for 3 consecutive months, nose only exposure

In vitro

✓

C/M

[50,51,52,53]

-1–5 Cig (5 mg nicotine, 6 mg tar, without filter), 2 × 20 ml puffs/Cig/min, 8–9 min/Cig/day, 10 min interval between cigarettes, 5 or 6 day/week, for 3 consecutive months, nose only exposure

In vitro

✓

[54,55,56,57,58]

-4 Cig (5.3 ± 0.1 mg/l concentration of CS), 30 min/day, 7 day/week

[144]

-10 Cig, 2 × 20 ml puffs/min, 8–9 min/Cig/day,10 min rest, for 1–60 days

[13, 145]

- 10 Cig (without filter)/day,5 day/week, for1–12 months

[44]

- 7 Cig (without filter)/day, 5 day/week, for 3–6 months

[13, 146]

-5 Cig/day, 5 day/week, for 6 months

[13, 147, 148]

- 2 h/day, 5 day/week, for 24 weeks

[13, 149]

Dog

-2–7 Cig (0.27 mg tar, 3.25 mg nicotine, without filter)/day, 2 × 35 ml puffs/Cig/20 s, 7 day/week, for 2–4 months

[62]

-12 Cig/day, 7 day/week, for 5 months

[150]

-10 Cig (20 mg tar, 1.2 mg nicotine, without filter)/day, 2.5 h/day, 5 day/week, for 6 or 10 months

[59, 151]

Monkey

- 6 h/day, 5 day/week, for 7 months

✓

C

[64, 65]

LPS

Mice

-IN 0.3 mg/kg of LPS, animals were killed 24 h after the challenge to LPS

[26]

- IN 7 μg of LPS, 1 day/week, for 4 consecutive weeks

✓

C

[77]

- intrapulmonary instillation, 0.5 mg/kg; volume =100 μL of LPS

M

[79, 80]

Guinea pig

-IN 200 mL of LPS (5 mg/mL in sterile saline), twice/week, for 12 consecutive weeks

✓

[69]

-IN 100 μL of LPS (10 mg/ml in sterile saline), twice/week, for 12 consecutive weeks

✓

C

[77, 82]

Rat

- aerosolized LPS, 30 min/day

✓

C/M

[81]

Elastase

Mice

- IN 1.2 U of PPE, 1 day/week, for 4 consecutive weeks

✓

C

[77]

- IT 2 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 100 μl saline

[95]

Rat

- IT 28 U of PPE/100 g body wt

[96]

- IT 55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.5 ml saline

✓

[97]

- IT 0.55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.7 ml or 0.3 ml of 0.15 M NaCl

M

[98]

Hamster

- IT 55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.3 ml saline

[97]

- IT 0.55 U of PPE/100 g body wt in 0.7 ml or 0.3 ml of 0.15 M NaCl

M

[98]

Combination Inducers

Mice

- IN 1.2 U of PPE, on day 1 and IN 7 μg of LPS on day 4, for 4 consecutive weeks

✓

C

[77]

Rat

-2 × 30 min/day exposure to CS, for 2 days and on 3 day exposure to aerosolized LPS for 30 min; 5 h after LPS exposure, exposure to CS for 30 min

C/M

[81]