Table 2 Lung pathology and tracheal responsiveness evaluation in animal model of COPD

Mice

-Chronic lung inflammation, infiltration of cells in the parenchyma, mucosal secretion, ticking of airway epithelium, alveolar enlargement, airway remodeling, goblet cell hyperplasia

[1, 77]

- Emphysematous destruction, parenchymal inflammation, mucus hyper secretion, airway remodeling

[29, 30, 32, 64, 118, 119]

- Increased wall thickness and airspace size

[33, 120]

Rat

- Increasing of bronchiole and arteriole wall thickness, bronchiole stenosis, increased alveolar size

[2]

- Airway resistance, respiratory system resistance, tissue damping, tissue elastance, increased respiratory system compliance

[37]

- Airspace enlargement, fragmentation of alveolar spaces, inflammation

[97, 121]

- Elevation of neutrophils, mucus, oedema, lung inflammation in lung and/or bronchoalveolar lavage

[81]

- Increased wall thickness, airway narrowing, peribronchiolar inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration, enlargement of alveolar airspaces, destruction of septal walls of alveoli and pulmonary bullae

[38]

- Bronchial airway epithelium injury, neutrophil infiltration

[39]

- Hyperplasia of bronchial epithelial cells, hypersecretion of mucus, peribronchial fibrosis

[42]

Guinea pig

- Pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodeling

[82]

- Increased interalveolar septum, increased lymphatic tissue in lung parenchyma, destruction of alveolar wall, emphysema in the lung, intra-alveolar bleeding

[50, 51, 54,55,56,57]

- Airway and parenchymal neutrophilia, increased goblet cell numbers, elevation of lung hydroxyproline content, increasing of airway wall collagen and airspace size

[69]

TR

In vivo

Mice

- Inhaled Mch: (6, 12, 25, and 50 mg/ml, 1 min, measuring Penh by WBPle after 10 min

[31]

In vitro

Guinea pig

- TC preparation; Mch (10 ^-7 to 10 ^-5 mM) every 2 min, measuring EC₅₀ using CRC

[52]

- TC preparation; Mch (10 nM to 5 mM) every 2 min, measuring EC₅₀ using CRC

[56]

- TC preparation; Mch (10 ^-7 to 10 ^-2 mM) every 3 min, measuring EC₅₀ using CRC

[58]

- TC preparation; histamine (0.1 μM –10 mM) every 2 min, measuring EC₅₀ using CRC

[54, 57]

- TC preparation; isoprenaline (10 nmol/L to 100 μmol/L) every 2 min, measuring EC₅₀ using CRC

[55]