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Table 3 Associations between TPB’s Constructs and other Variables (n = 406) for Waterpipe Smokers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2015

From: The use of planned behavior theory in predicting cigarette smoking among Waterpipe smokers

 

Attitude (Mean ± SD)

Subjective Norm (Mean ± SD)

Perceived Control (Mean ± SD)

Intentions (Mean ± SD)

Marital status

 Single

2.11 ± 1.16a

3.16 ± 1.09a

3.79 ± 1.13a

2.44 ± 1.67a

 Others

1.73 ± .99b

2.84 ± 1.30b

3.43 ± 1.08b

1.80 ± 1.45b

Education Levels

 High school or less

2.07 ± 1.14a

3.18 ± 1.11a

3.77 ± 1.18a

2.35 ± 1.75a

 College & post graduate

1.89 ± 1.09a

2.93 ± 1.22a

3.57 ± 1.08a

2.10 ± 1.61a

Work Status

 Government employee

1.84 ± 1.11a

3.03 ± 1.24a

3.45 ± 1.10a

2.04 ± 1.56a

 Non-government employee

1.81 ± .97a

2.98 ± 1.14a

3.58 ± 1.02a,b

2.02 ± 1.58a

 Self-employed

1.97 ± 1.01a

2.72 ± 1.24a

3.93 ± 1.49a,b

2.75 ± 2.32a

 Student

2.23 ± 1.21a

3.13 ± 1.10a

3.89 ± 1.12b

2.42 ± 1.68a

 Unemployed

2.22 ± 1.12a

3.45 ± 1.18a

3.93 ± 1.10a,b

2.71 ± 2.04a

Monthly Income

 SR 3000 or Less

2.21 ± 1.20a

3.21 ± 1.11a

3.95 ± 1.12a

2.51 ± 1.78a

 SR 3001 to 6000

1.94 ± 1.02a,b

3.29 ± 1.12a

3.54 ± 1.17a,b

2.36 ± 1.80a,b

 SR 6001 to 9000

1.89 ± 1.07a,b

3.11 ± 1.12a,b

3.71 ± 1.08a,b

2.14 ± 1.65a,b

 More than SR 9000

1.81 ± 1.08b

2.73 ± 1.24b

3.42 ± 1.08b

1.90 ± 1.48b

Exercise

 Never

2.04 ± 1.10a

3.00 ± 1.16a

3.84 ± 1.22a

2.64 ± 1.97a

 1 to 2 times per week

2.06 ± 1.16a

3.05 ± 1.15a

3.68 ± 1.07a,b

2.10 ± 1.57b

 3 to 4 times per week

1.82 ± 1.01a

3.02 ± 1.15a

3.59 ± 1.08a,b

2.24 ± 1.62a,b

 5 or more times per week

1.68 ± 1.07a

3.24 ± 1.35a

3.25 ± 1.04b

1.56 ± 1.03b

  1. For the means, values within each column not sharing the same subscript are significantly different at an alpha .05
  2. SR = Saudi Riyal ($1 = SR 3.75).