Table 4 Cognitive, behavioral, and organizational barriers and opportunities performing the 5A’s model
From: Factors associated with implementation of the 5A’s smoking cessation model
Ask | Advise | Assess | Assist | Arrange | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Acceptable (≥ 5) | Low (< 5) | Acceptable (≥ 5) | Low (< 5) | Acceptable (≥ 5) | Low (< 5) | Acceptable (≥ 5) | Low (< 5) | Acceptable (≥ 5) | Low (< 5) | ||||||
mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | p | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | p | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | p | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | p | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | p | |
Cognitive Factors | ||||||||||||||||
Motivation to help patients to quit | 8.1 (1.9) | 8.4 (1.6) | 7.4 (2.5) | <.001 | 8.4 (1.6) | 6.8 (2.5) | <.001 | 8.4 (1.6) | 7.3 (2.5) | <.001 | 8.5 (1.5) | 7.8 (2.1) | <.001 | 8.6 (1.4) | 7.9 (2.0) | <.001 |
Importance of cessation in their job | 8.2 (1.1) | 8.5 (1.8) | 7.4 (2.4) | <.001 | 8.5 (1.7) | 6.9 (2.5) | <.001 | 8.5 (1.7) | 7.2 (2.5) | <.001 | 8.6 (1.6) | 7.8 (2.2) | <.001 | 8.7 (1.4) | 8.0 (2.2) | 0.001 |
Self-reported preparedness | 4.4 (2.6) | 4.8 (2.5) | 3.2 (2.5) | <.001 | 4.7 (2.5) | 2.1 (2.2) | <.001 | 4.7 (2.5) | 3.2 (2.4) | <.001 | 5.6 (2.2) | 3.2 (2.3) | <.001 | 5.9 (2.1) | 3.6 (2.4) | <.001 |
Preparedness in using drugs | 3.4 (2.7) | 3.8 (2.8) | 2.1 (2.2) | <.001 | 3.7 (2.8) | 2.0 (2.1) | <.001 | 3.8 (2.7) | 2.2 (2.3) | <.001 | 4.6 (2.6) | 2.2 (2.3) | <.001 | 5.2 (2.5) | 2.5 (2.3) | <.001 |
Competency in assisting smokers | 5.0 (2.6) | 5.5 (2.4) | 3.2 (2.3) | <.001 | 5.4 (2.5) | 3.0 (2.3) | <.001 | 5.4 (2.4) | 3.2 (2.5) | <.001 | 6.1 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.4) | <.001 | 6.5 (2.0) | 4.2 (2.5) | <.001 |
Security to motivate smokers | 6.3 (2.1) | 6.7 (1.9) | 5.0 (2.2) | <.001 | 6.7 (1.8) | 4.5 (2.3) | <.001 | 6.7 (1.8) | 4.9 (2.5) | <.001 | 7.1 (1.5) | 5.5 (2.3) | <.001 | 7.2 (1.4) | 5.8 (2.2) | <.001 |
Wish more training | 8.3 (2.1) | 8.5 (1.8) | 7.6 (2.5) | <.001 | 8.6 (1.8) | 7.1 (2.7) | <.001 | 8.6 (1.7) | 7.3 (2.8) | <.001 | 8.6 (1.7) | 8.0 (2.3) | 0.003 | 8.6 (1.6) | 8.1 (2.3) | 0.043 |
It is part of my job | 6.4 (3.3) | 7.1 (2.9) | 4.1 (3.3) | <.001 | 6.8 (3.1) | 4.6 (3.5) | <.001 | 6.9 (2.1) | 4.5 (3.6) | <.001 | 7.4 (2.7) | 5.3 (3.5) | <.001 | 7.6 (2.6) | 5.7 (3.4) | <.001 |
Behavioral Factors | ||||||||||||||||
Uses additional resources to intervene | 5.8 (2.5) | 6.3 (2.2) | 4.4 (2.9) | <.001 | 6.2 (2.3) | 3.9 (3.0) | <.001 | 6.2 (2.2) | 4.3 (3.1) | <.001 | 6.7 (2.0) | 4.9 (2.8) | <.001 | 6.6 (1.9) | 5.4 (2.8) | <.001 |
Frequency in seeing tobacco-related diseases | 7.8 (2.1) | 8.1 (1.8) | 6.8 (2.5) | <.001 | 8.1 (1.8) | 6.4 (2.6) | <.001 | 8.0 (1.8) | 6.9 (2.6) | <.001 | 8.1 (1.7) | 7.4 (2.4) | 0.001 | 8.2 (1.5) | 7.5 (2.3) | 0.006 |
Familiar with practical guidelines for smoking cessation | 2.4 (2.7) | 2.9 (2.8) | 0.8 (1.4) | <.001 | 2.7 (2.8) | 0.7 (1.2) | <.001 | 2.8 (2.8) | 0.8 (1.5) | <.001 | 3.6 (2.8) | 1.1 (1.7) | <.001 | 4.6 (2.7) | 1.2 (1.8) | <.001 |
Previous positive experiences | 3.7 (3.2) | 4.3 (3.1) | 1.8 (2.4) | <.001 | 4.1 (3.1) | 1.5 (2.3) | <.001 | 4.3 (3.1) | 1.6 (2.2) | <.001 | 5.2 (2.1) | 1.1 (2.4) | <.001 | 5.8 (2.8) | 2.5 (2.7) | <.001 |
Organizational and Support Factors | ||||||||||||||||
It is protocolized in my organization | 4.5 (3.4) | 4.9 (3.3) | 2.9 (3.0) | <.001 | 4.8 (3.4) | 2.8 (2.1) | <.001 | 4.9 (3.3) | 3.0 (3.2) | <.001 | 5.6 (3.2) | 3.2 (3.1) | <.001 | 6.0 (2.1) | 3.6 (3.3) | <.001 |
Required by supervisors | 3.1 (3.3) | 4.5 (3.4) | 2.4 (2.6) | <.001 | 4.3 (3.4) | 2.3 (2.6) | <.001 | 4.4 (3.3) | 2.5 (2.1) | <.001 | 5.2 (3.3) | 2.7 (2.9) | <.001 | 5.6 (3.1) | 3.1 (3.1) | <.001 |
Organizational support | 4.7 (3.2) | 5.2 (3.2) | 3.0 (2.8) | <.001 | 5.0 (3.2) | 2.1 (2.9) | <.001 | 5.1 (3.2) | 3.1 (3.0) | <.001 | 5.1 (2.1) | 3.3 (2.9) | <.001 | 6.6 (2.8) | 3.7 (3.0) | <.001 |